Manajemen Terapi Bakterial Meningitis Akut pada Pasien Anak (Fokus Terapi Antibiotik dan Kortikosteroid)

Management of AcuteBacterial Meningitis Therapy in Pediatric Patients (Focus on Antibioticand Corticosteroid Therapy)

Authors

  • Pandu Laksono Program Studi Magister Ilmu Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4082-9791
  • Pande Made Ayu Aprianti Program Studi Magister Ilmu Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
  • Patricia Valery Rahaded Program Studi Magister Ilmu Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
  • Hidayati Adi Putri Program Studi Magister Ilmu Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
  • Rizqiyanti Ramadhani Instalasi Farmasi, Departemen Infeksi Anak RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
  • Jainuri Erik Pratama Instalasi Farmasi, RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
  • Antonius Adji Prayitno Setiadi Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
  • Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v5i6.1974

Keywords:

bakterial meningitis, ceftriaxone, deksametason

Abstract

Acute bacterial meningitis is an inflammatory condition of the brain that develops rapidly due to bacterial infection in the lining of the brain (meninges) or in the subarachnoid space (fluid-filled space between the meninges). Common clinical manifestations include headache, fever, convulsions, and nuchal rigidity with diagnosis based on cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Management of cases of acute bacterial meningitis, especially in pediatric patients, focuses on selecting antibiotics and corticosteroids as the key treatment, followed by other supportive therapies such as antifever and anticonvulsants. There is a case of a 1-year-old child with a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, this case report aims to examine the selection, dosage, method of administration, and monitoring of the effectiveness of antibiotics and corticosteroids as therapy in this case. The patient received treatment at RSUD Dr. Soetomo for 4 days by receiving ceftriaxone and dexamethasone injections per kg of body weight. In this case, observation was carried out in the form of observing the patient's clinical condition every day until the patient experienced an improvement in seizures and fever from the 2nd day of treatment. On the 4th day, the patient was allowed to go home and continue oral therapy for outpatient treatment. In conclusion, patients with acute bacterial meningitis need to be given antibiotics which must be started as soon as possible, aimed at eradicating bacteria that infect the lining of the brain, while corticosteroid injections are aimed at reducing the inflammatory response that occurs in the brain so as not to worsen the prognosis of the disease in my condition.

Keywords:          bacterial meningitis, ceftriaxone, dexamethasone

 

Abstrak

Meningitis bakterial akut adalah kondisi peradangan otak yang berkembang dengan cepat akibat infeksi bakteri pada selaput otak (meningen) atau pada ruang subarachnoid (ruang berisi cairan di antara meningen). Manifestasi klinis yang umum meliputi sakit kepala, demam, kejang dan kakukuduk dengan penegakan diagnosis berdasarkan analisis cairan serebrospinal. Penatalaksanaan kasus bakterial meningitis akut, khususnya pada pasien anak-anak difokuskan pada pemilihan antibiotik dan kortikostreroid sebagai kunci pengobatan, diikuti dengan terapi suportif lain seperti antidemam dan antikonvulsi. Terdapat kasus anak berusia 1 tahun dengan diagnosa bakterial meningitis, laporan kasus  ini  bertujuan  untuk mengkaji pemilihan, dosis, cara pemberian serta monitoring efektivitas antibiotik dan kortikosteroid sebagai terapi pada kasus ini. Pasien mendapatkan perawatan di RSUD Dr. Soetomo selama 4 hari dengan mendapatkan injeksi ceftriaxone dan deksametason per kg berat badan. Pada kasus ini dilakukan pengamatan berupa observasi kondisi klinis pasien setiap harinya hingga pasien mengalami perbaikan kejang dan demam sejak hari ke-2 perawatan. Pada hari ke-4, pasien diperbolehkan pulang dengan melanjutkan terapi per oral untuk menjalani rawat jalan. Kesimpulannya, pasien dengan meningitis bakterial akut perlu pemberian antibiotik yang harus dimulai sesegera mungkin yang ditujukan untuk eradikasi bakteri penginfeksi selaput otak sedangkan pemberian injeksi kortikosteroid ditujukan untuk menurunkan respon inflamasi yang terjadi di otak agar tidak memperparah prognosis penyakit pada kondisi akut

Kata Kunci:         bakterial meningitis, ceftriaxone, deksametason

References

Moradi, Ghobad et al. (2021) “Epidemiology incidence and geographical distribution of Meningitis using GIS and its incidence prediction in Iran in 2021.” Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran vol. 35 110. 31 Aug. 2021, doi:10.47176/mjiri.35.110

Nakamura, T., et al. (2021). The Global Landscape of Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Data Reported to the World Health Organization-Coordinated Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance Network, 2014-2019. The Journal of infectious diseases, 224(12 Suppl 2), S161–S173. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab217

Hasbun, R. (2018). Management and Prevention Chalenges: Meningitis and Encephalitis. Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92678-0

Van de Beek D, etal. (2011) Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2011;351(18):1849–59.

Van de Beek, D et al. (2016) “ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis.” Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases vol. 22 Suppl 3 (2016): S37-62. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.007

Gundamraj, Shalini, and Rodrigo Hasbun. (2020).“The Use of Adjunctive Steroids in Central Nervous Infections.”Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology vol. 10 592017. 23 Nov. 2020, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.592017

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2019). Panduan Deteksi dan Respon Penyakit Meningitis Meningokokus. Jakarta. Dirjen Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit.

Agrawal S, Nadel S. (2011) Acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children: epidemiology and management. Paediatr Drugs. 2011;13:385-400.

de Jonge RC, van Furth AM, Wassenaar M, et al. (2010). Predicting sequelae and death after bacterial meningitis in childhood: a systematic review of prognostic studies. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:232.

Kaplan SL. (2016) Bacterial meningitis in children older than one month: clinical features and diagnosis. UpToDate. www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-meningitis-in-children-older-than-one-month-clinical-features-and-diagnosis. Accessed February 28, 2016.

El Bashir H, Laundy M, Booy R. (2003). Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis.Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:615-620.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2016). Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and management. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg102/chapter/guidance.

Scholz H, Hofman T, Noack R, et al. (1998). Prospective comparison of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime for the short-term treatment of bacterial meningitis. Chemotherapy 1998; 44: 142-7

Cabellos C, Viladrich PF, Verdaguer R. (1995) et al. A single dose of ceftriaxone for bacterial meningitis in adults: experience with 84 patients and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1164-8

Saez-Llorens X, McCracken GH. (1999). Antimicrobial and antiinflammatory treatment of bacterial meningitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1999; 13 (3): 619-36

Quagliarello VJ, Scheld WM. (1997). Drug therapy: treatment of bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 708-16

Lutsar I, Ahmed A, Friedland IR, et al. (1997) Pharmacodynamics and bactericidal activity of ceftriaxone therapy in experimental cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2414-7

Sullins, A. K., & Abdel-Rahman, S. M. (2013). Pharmacokinetics of antibacterial agents in the CSF of children and adolescents. Paediatric drugs, 15(2), 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-013-0017-5

Nahata, et al. (1993). Pharmacokinetics and Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Cefixime in Infants and Young Children.Chemotherapy, 39(1), 1–5. doi:10.1159/000238966

Schleibinger M, Steinbach CL, Topper C, Kratzer A, Liebchen U, Kees F, Salzberger B, Kees MG. (2015). Protein binding characteristics and pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in intensive care unit patients.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Sep;80(3):525-33. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12636. Epub 2015 Jun 11

Schaad, U.B., Lips, U., Gnehm, H.E., Blumberg. A., Heinzer. I., Wedgwood. J. (1993), ‘Deksametason therapy for bacterial meningitis in children. Swiss meningitis study group’, Lancet, Vol. 342 (8869): pp.457-461.

Brouwer, M.C., McIntyre, P., de Gans, J., Prasad, K., van de Beek, D. (2010), ‘Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol. Iss. 9, Art No.: CD004405.

Johnson DB, Lopez MJ, Kelley B. Dexamethasone. [Updated 2023 May 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearlsPublishing; 2023 Jan-. Availablefrom: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482130/

McIntyre, et al. (1997). Deksametason as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis.a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials since 1988. JAMA. 1997;278(11):925–931. doi:10.1001/jama.278.11.925

James. (2006). In Children with bacterial meningitis, does the addition of deksametason to an antibiotic treatment regiment result in a better clinical outcome than the antibiotic regimen alone?. Pediatric Child Health Vol.11 No.1, P : 33 - 34.

Swanson D. (2015). Meningitis. Pediatr Rev. 2015;36(12):514–526. doi:10.1542/pir.36-12-51419

Tunkel, etal., (2004). Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(9):1267–1284. doi:10.1086/ 42536822

Lawrence CKBK.(2015). Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Cohen-Wolkowiez M. Bacterial meningitis in the infant. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):29–45. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2014.10.00412.

Downloads

Published

2023-12-31

How to Cite

1.
Laksono P, Aprianti PMA, Rahaded PV, Putri HA, Ramadhani R, Pratama JE, et al. Manajemen Terapi Bakterial Meningitis Akut pada Pasien Anak (Fokus Terapi Antibiotik dan Kortikosteroid): Management of AcuteBacterial Meningitis Therapy in Pediatric Patients (Focus on Antibioticand Corticosteroid Therapy). J. Sains Kes. [Internet]. 2023 Dec. 31 [cited 2026 Jan. 14];5(6):1035-42. Available from: https://jsk.jurnalfamul.com/index.php/jsk/article/view/1974

Issue

Section

Case Report